Genie Godula is pleased to welcome Samantha de Bendern, Associate Fellow at Chatham House. Europe is taking increasingly consequential steps to support Ukraine, but de Bendern warns that they remain insufficient to address the country’s fundamental vulnerability. Are Ukraine’s allies prepared to actively help protect Ukrainian airspace? That debate reaches back to the earliest weeks of the full-scale invasion: even after President Biden warned in 2022 of an imminent Russian attack, Kyiv’s allies ruled out enforcing a no-fly zone, fearing that direct NATO engagement could escalate into a wider war with Moscow.