Alison Sargent is pleased to welcome James J. Townsend Jr, the Atlantic Council’s Senior Advisor in the Scowcroft Center’s Transatlantic Security Initiative. He asserts that European military involvement in the widening Middle Eastern conflict should not be interpreted as entry into the war itself, but rather as a reluctant defensive response to the conflict’s spillover effects across the entire region. European governments did not seek participation in the military operations initiated by Israel and the United States, yet the regional expansion of the war has placed European citizens, economic interests, and diplomatic partners at risk.