• Madagascar contains an exceptional share of the world’s frog diversity, most of it found nowhere else, making local conservation efforts decisive for species survival. Justin Claude Rakotoarisoa, a guide from the Andasibe region, became one of the people working to keep those species from disappearing.
• Through the community organization Mitsinjo, he helped establish and run a captive-breeding facility that maintained threatened amphibians as insurance against habitat loss and disease, while also contributing new scientific knowledge about their life cycles.
• Largely self-taught, he served as a bridge between international researchers and local communities, translating technical knowledge into Malagasy and sharing what he knew with students, journalists, and younger conservation workers.
• His life illustrated how effective conservation in Madagascar often depends less on distant institutions than on persistent local effort — people willing to perform careful, unglamorous work year after year to keep fragile species alive.

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In Madagascar, frogs are not background noise. They are a measure of how much forest still functions. The island holds an outsized share of the world’s amphibian diversity, and almost all of its frog species occur nowhere else. That concentration is both a wonder and a warning. When habitat thins, wetlands silt up, or disease arrives, there is often no second refuge on another continent.

Conservationists worry about many pressures at once: deforestation, fragmented marshes, wildlife trafficking, and the global spread of chytrid fungus, which has driven amphibian declines on several continents and has been detected in Madagascar. In such a setting, saving a frog can look like a technical exercise. It is also an organizational one. Keeping a species alive may require breeding rooms, quarantine protocols, and a steady supply of insects, plus patient negotiations with local communities and, at times, with the companies reshaping landscapes.

Green Bright-eyed Frog (Boophis viridis) near in Andasibe, Madagascar. Photo by Rhett Ayers Butler

Justin Claude Rakotoarisoa was born in a village near Andasibe, an area inhabited by the indri lemur, whose haunting, whale-like song carries through the forest. As a young man he trained as a guide, part of a generation that saw ecotourism as a way to earn a living without dismantling the forest that drew visitors. Mitsinjo, the community organization he joined in the late 1990s, began as a local effort to manage a forest station and channel tourist income into conservation and development.

It became more than that. As Madagascar’s biodiversity gained scientific attention, outside researchers arrived with questions about lemurs, insects, and reptiles. Rakotoarisoa learned by doing, then set about making that knowledge usable to others. He helped translate a major field guide on Madagascar’s amphibians and reptiles into Malagasy. This mattered because conservation knowledge confined to English seldom reaches the people most directly responsible for managing the landscapes in question.

In 2011 Mitsinjo helped establish a frog conservation and breeding facility near Andasibe, later known as Toby Sahona. The logic was blunt. If disease or habitat loss outpaced protection in the wild, an “assurance colony” might be the only way to prevent local extinctions. Building such a place in-country was itself a statement: Malagasy frogs should not need to be exported to survive.

Rakotoarisoa oversaw much of the work. It demanded a mix of field sense and laboratory discipline. In captivity, details become policy. Overcrowding can stress animals. Temperature and humidity shape breeding. Tadpoles require different diets from adults. For the golden mantella frog (Mantella aurantiaca), a small, bright species found only in a limited area around Moramanga, the challenge was to keep a population thriving while the surrounding landscape grew more industrial.

Golden Mantella (Mantella aurantiaca) in Madasgacar. Photo by Rhett Ayers Butler

The golden mantella became a test case because a nearby nickel and cobalt mine, Ambatovy, was required to mitigate its environmental impact. In 2017 more than 1,500 captive-bred frogs were reintroduced into breeding ponds near the mine, after years of collecting founders from threatened sites and breeding them in controlled conditions. The frogs were color-coded for monitoring. Staff searched habitats repeatedly, moving animals away from areas slated for clearing. It was not romantic work. It was early mornings, careful containers, and the acceptance that even a two-hour trip could kill a creature small enough to sit on a thumb.

What made Toby Sahona distinctive was not just that it bred frogs. It learned from them. A recent scientific paper with Rakotoarisoa as lead author reports on breeding patterns and developmental traits for 11 Malagasy frog species kept at the facility, including observations that had been suggested in theory but not previously documented. This is the kind of science that begins where the animals live, and where someone is willing to keep notes for years.

The practical side of the job could sound almost domestic. Frogs eat live insects, so insect cultures must be maintained. Fruits, yeast, and scraps become feed for flies; vegetables become feed for grasshoppers. When supplies ran short, staff improvised. When specialized tadpole food was unavailable locally, they adapted with spirulina and shrimp powder. The point was not culinary creativity. It was continuity, the ability to keep an organism alive long enough for breeding to become routine rather than luck.

Colleagues remembered Rakotoarisoa as capable, curious, calm, and unusually unshowy. Some spoke of how freely he shared what he knew, especially with younger people just arriving in conservation. Rivonala Razafison, a Mongabay contributor from Madagascar, recalled an instance from 2019 when Rakotoarisoa was the first person to sit down and explain the logic of protecting the golden mantella, and why amphibians in rice fields were worth noticing rather than ignoring. His English, friends said, helped him bridge visitors and villagers, researchers and guides. The more important bridge was temperamental: he could talk about a threatened frog without making others feel accused.

Justin Claude Rakotoarisoa. From amphibianark.org

He died at 45, reportedly from complications linked to high blood pressure. In a country where environmental work is often framed as something imported, his life argued for a different model. Mitsinjo was founded by local guides. Its breeding center was built in the same landscape as the species it protected. Its technicians were trained largely on the job, then became the people outsiders came to learn from.

Madagascar’s amphibians will remain vulnerable. Endemism brings vulnerability: species found nowhere else have nowhere else to go. The forests that generate so much life can also concentrate risk. Yet Rakotoarisoa’s career suggests a useful counterpoint to despair. Conservation does not always start with resources. Sometimes it starts with attention, then with competence, then with the stubborn decision to keep showing up, even when the work is small, repetitive, and easy for the world to overlook.

A frog’s survival can turn on whether someone remembered to culture flies. In Andasibe, for years, someone did.

Justin Claude Rakotoarisoa. Image by Rivonala Razafison for Mongabay.