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A new wildcat species has been identified, marking the first time a new living cat species has been formally named and described in more than a century.

Known to local communities as the Tilcayo, the cat is part of a group called tiger cats found across much of South America.

The cat, which was found in Bolivia’s lush Yungas forest, measures about 18 inches (46 cm) long and weighs around 3 pounds (1.4 kg), making it smaller than the average domestic cat.

Using genetic data, researchers confirmed that the cat is a new species and assigned it the scientific name Leopardus tilcayo, preserving its original local title.

“Its fur is light brown … with irregularly shaped rosettes across its body,” said Paola Nogales-Ascarrunz, a National Geographic Explorer and one of the authors of the study published on Thursday in the journal Current Biology.

Little is understood about the cat’s biology and lifestyle. Remains of small rodents in scat samples suggest they may form part of its diet, while camera-trap evidence indicates it could be more active at night, Nogales-Ascarrunz said.

The Leopardus tilcayo cat, the only known individual of the newly identified species (Reuters)

Tiger cats are so-called cryptic species, meaning they cannot easily be distinguished merely by appearance, said Jonas Lescroart, evolutionary biologist and study co-lead author from the University of Antwerp in Belgium.

Tiger cats previously had been considered a single species, but genetic studies decades ago suggested the existence of multiple species.

Referring to the new species, Lescroart said, “Our information at this moment is limited to the two live individuals that we examined, and a small number of camera-trap records.”

One of the live cats is a 10-year-old male that now lives in Senda Verde Wildlife Sanctuary after being kept by a local family in their home.

‘A different animal’

Observing the Bolivian cat drew interest because “its characteristics did not match the descriptions, most of them based on Brazilian cats,” Nogales-Ascarrunz said. “This made us wonder: what tiger cat do we actually have in Bolivia?”

The team analysed DNA from 38 cats sampled across several South American countries, including eight museum specimens. The study found that tiger cats are in fact five genetically distinct species.

“We never expected this Bolivian tiger cat to be a separate species, and no one had ever proposed it as a different animal, subspecies or otherwise,” Lescroart said.

Genetic analysis suggested that the Tilcayo lineage separated from other tiger cats about 1.4 million years ago.

“The more differences in their DNA, the longer the time that we estimate those lineages to have been physically separated,” Lescroart said, adding that such a gap is generally considered a species-level divide in cats.

National Geographic Explorer Paola Nogales Ascarrunz, who led the research that identified Leopardus tilcayo as a new species (Reuters)

The research team also described a new tiger cat subspecies in Peru’s Yungas, naming it Leopardus tigrinus antisuyo after Antisuyu, the region of the old Inca Empire that included the area it inhabits.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature, or IUCN, Red List tracking the status of species, currently treats tiger cats as two “vulnerable” species with declining populations.

The researchers have shared their findings with the IUCN, whose upcoming review will assess the five lineages separately. That could give a more accurate picture of risk, Lescroart said, and species such as the Tilcayo could potentially be considered endangered when assessed on their own.

The need for a clearer assessment is particularly acute in the Yungas, one of the region’s most threatened ecosystems.

The mountain forests face growing pressure from deforestation, agricultural expansion, human-caused fires and mining, Nogales-Ascarrunz said. Restoring forest patches damaged by fires, protecting remaining native forest and maintaining connections between habitats are urgent priorities, Nogales-Ascarrunz added.

“Showing the general public that even in a flagship group such as cats … there are still new species to be discovered may transmit an important message,” said Eduardo Eizirik, an evolutionary biologist at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil and senior author of the study. “There are many undiscovered species out there in the world, and they are at risk of disappearing before we even discover them.”