Around 149,000 employees have left the federal government since President Donald Trump took office in January and began dismantling the administrative state, according to a new analysis.

The data from the Partnership for Public Service, a nonprofit that advocates for a more effective federal government, offers a snapshot of the deep workforce cuts that have plunged morale at agencies across the bureaucracy. The administration has not been transparent about the reductions, making comprehensive estimates hard to come by.

The group said the largest workforce reductions have hit the Treasury, Agriculture and Defense departments, which have lost around 31,000, 22,000, and 20,000 employees, respectively. The Department of Health and Human Services has lost roughly 13,000.

The U.S. Agency for International Development — the aid agency Trump all but demolished unilaterally — accounts for another 10,000 employees gone, the Partnership for Public Service said.

The federal government as a whole includes around 2.3 million civilian employees.

Max Stier, the group’s president, told reporters on a call Thursday that the cuts have led to “phenomenal waste,” since the administration has pursued them willy-nilly and hurt critical government functions that will need to be fixed. He noted that in many cases agencies have tried to bring back workers who quit or were fired.

“This is one of the things that we’re seeing repeated instances where they have, in a non-strategic way, let go [of] lots of people that provide vital functions,” Stier said. “And then they look up and realize, ‘Wow, we’re not going to be able to do something that is quite important, and we’re going to have to rehire people.’”

The White House has accomplished its workforce reductions through a combination of deferred resignation offers, early retirement programs and layoffs; many workers have chosen to leave since the administration seems intent on making them miserable. Just last week, the Agriculture Department told workers in the Washington, D.C., region they will have to move hundreds or thousands of miles away if they want to keep their jobs.

The Partnership for Public Service said it cobbled together its estimate through official government reports as well as news stories. The group noted that its figures don’t account for workers who may have been reinstated temporarily under court order, or those that have been put on administrative leave.

It could be months or even years before Trump’s full cuts come into clearer focus. On Thursday, the Washington Post published a report saying the government is paying 154,000 employees not to work under its deferred resignation program, citing two administration officials. The program allowed qualified federal workers to give up their jobs and still be paid through September.

Labor unions challenged the legality of the deferred resignation program, but a federal judge later cleared the way for the program to proceed. Many workers opted to take the offer during a second round, while others chose to accept early retirement programs.

A lot of the cuts were spearheaded by the so-called Department of Government Efficiency, or DOGE, which, according to the president, was headed by the billionaire Trump ally Elon Musk before the two had a falling out. On Thursday, Sen. Richard Blumenthal (D-Conn.) released a report from Senate Democrats estimating that DOGE had wasted $21.7 billion, the bulk of it by paying people not to work under the deferred resignation program.

Blumenthal’s report noted that the authors had to rely on news reports and make certain assumptions about the cuts, since the Trump administration seemed intent on “keeping Congress and the public in the dark.”