North Korea’s latest cluster warhead tests have raised questions about South Korea’s ability to sustain military operations and essential services during a conflict, as weapons that scatter explosives across wide areas could restrict access to critical facilities and complicate repairs even when those facilities remain standing.

Pyongyang tested a cluster warhead for tactical ballistic missiles on Oct. 31, claiming it could devastate 30 to 32 acres (12 to 13 hectares), before demonstrating a smaller version on cruise missiles on Nov. 2.

Two days later, the DPRK reported an exerciseagainst a simulated airfield, releasing images that appeared to show cluster