Nikol Pashinyan and Recep Tayyip Erdogan meet in China (Photo: RA Prime Minister’s Office, Sept. 1, 2025)

Armenia is a landlocked country with a population of around 3 million. Two of its four land borders are closed: Azerbaijan to the east and Turkey to the west. Those borders have been closed since the 1990s, leaving its borders with Georgia to the north and Iran to the south as its only operational land borders. The Georgian route, however, carries the bulk of Russian-Armenian trade and serves as a key transit route toward Europe. The Armenian government has repeatedly pointed to progress in over

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